This paper provides an overview of research on out-of-pocket health expenditures, reviewing the various summary … and health system indicators. Large differences emerge across countries in per capita out-of-pocket expenditures in 2011 … health. The two measures of dispersion or risk-the coefficient of variation and Q90/Q50-are only weakly correlated across …

The paper reviews the theoretical basis for the application of user fees in the public health sector in low … efficiency result of the market mechanism is shown to be the theoretical justification for the financing of health services via a …