This article considers the application of the general exceptions of the WTO GATT and GATS to investment arbitration under international investment treaties. It suggests that the designated categories and balancing contemplated by the WTO exceptions, along with its sophisticated and established...

This article considers the possibility that digital assets of foreign investors such as websites and computer systems could be protected by the full protection and security (‘FPS') standard common to many bilateral investment treaties. Such assets can properly be described as investments and...

This paper examines the compliance of preferential trade agreements in favour of developing countries including the Generalized System of Preferences (GSP) scheme and the European Union's Economic Partnership Agreements (EPA)s with the law of the World Trade Organization (WTO). As a consequence...

This paper examines the accession process for states seeking to join the Comprehensive Progressive Trans Pacific Partnership (CPTPP) with a focus on the ongoing application of the United Kingdom. The paper goes on to explore the key challenges to UK negotiators in terms of market access,...

This article argues from a commercial standpoint that the United Kingdom should include Investor-State Dispute Settlement (ISDS) in the new International Investment Agreements (IIAs) which it concludes following its departure from the European Union. Focusing on the procedure of ISDS rather than...