When an investor sues a state for alleged breaches of its obligations under an investment treaty or a trade agreement with investment provisions, all that should matter for who wins the case are the merits of the claim itself. Alas, investor-to-state dispute settlement (ISDS) does not take place...

This article intends to help understand the debate about TTIP by focusing on the specific issue of how TTIP may regulate investment protection of foreign-owned property. It gives an overview of the international law of expropriations of and other interferences with foreign-owned property for...

Today, humanity has passed the stage of trade by barter. The difficulties of the barter system led to the monetization of the economy. Goods and services are now measured in monetary terms, so that the presence of money-a unit of account, separated the act of buying from the act of selling, and...