In a first paper we extended the van der Waals square gradient model for the equilibrium liquid–vapor interface to nonequilibrium systems, in which both the density and the temperature depend on position and time. In this paper, we defined and calculated the excess densities for an arbitrary...

The van der Waals square gradient model has played an important role in the description of the properties of an equilibrium interface between a vapor and a liquid. We extend the model to describe nonequilibrium states with temperature gradients, pressure differences and the resulting evaporation...