In 2018, the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) introduced International Financial Reporting Standard 9 (IFRS 9), which sets out principles for hedge accounting and replaces International Accounting Standard 39 (IAS 39). IFRS 9 aims to provide better information about companies'...

This paper assesses the hedge effectiveness of an index-based longevity swap and a longevity cap for a life annuity portfolio. Although longevity swaps are a natural instrument for hedging longevity risk, derivatives with non-linear pay-offs, such as longevity caps, provide more effective...