The height of the French male population of the Ancien Régime is estimated, on the basis of military records, to have …, which clearly fuelled the fires of revolution. The height of the French upper classes was 7 cm above average, but, that, too …

Industrialization and the rise of nationalism were the two major developments in Germany before the World War I. A … novel county-level dataset reveals that industrialization and nationalism measured by membership in the "Kriegervereine …, I find strong evidence for a causal impact of industrialization on nationalism. In order to detect possible mechanisms …

and political turmoil. While there is some evidence of a decline in height among youth, the decline is slight (<1 cm). As …