The focus of this paper is on the research performance of a system of universities and sciences. Using data from the United States during the nineteen eighties we study the relationship between research output and R&D in eight different fields of science. We begin at the field level by examining...

Due to improving information technology, the growing complexity of research problems, and policies designed to foster interdisciplinary research, the practice of science in the United States has undergone significant structural change. Using a sample of 110 top U.S. universities observed during...

This article measures scientific influence by means of citations to academic papers. The data source is the Institute for Scientific Information (ISI); the scientific institutions included are the top 110 U.S. research universities; the 12 main fields that classify the data cover nearly all of...