Contrary to current thinking which views the European brain drain as a transitory phenomenon, this paper shows, using a micro-data analysis, that, as far as Italy is concerned, such migration is permanent. The present study provides new empirical evidence on the propensity to return. The...

Does the brain drain have negative or positive effect on the development and growth of those left behind? This paper shows the empirical and theoretical relevance of the phenomenon and reviews both the traditional literature and recent contributions on the effects of the brain drain. The first...