In recent years, intellectual property enforcement by ordering Internet access providers to block infringing websites has been rapidly evolving in Europe. Understandable from the perspective of rightholders searching for the most efficient ways to stop infringing activities, this increasing...

In recent years, intellectual property enforcement by ordering Internet access providers to block infringing websites has been rapidly evolving in Europe. Understandable from the perspective of rightholders searching for the most efficient ways to stop infringing activities, this increasing...

In the past years, the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR, or Strasbourg Court), Europe's principal human rights watchdog, has played an ever larger role in the resolution of intellectual property (IP) disputes. The ECtHR's engagement in IP adjudication has already influenced national judges,...

In Europe, important developments such as the entering into force of the Treaty of Lisbon—which placed the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union at the very top of the hierarchy of norms—and the direct applicability by national courts of the European Convention on Human Rights...