Students face four decision margins: (a) How many years to spend in school, (b) What to study, (c) How much effort to … schools operate and how they might be made more effective. In this new framework students have a dual role. They are both (a … behavior of students, teachers and administrators depends on the incentives facing them and the actions of the other actors in …

This paper exploits student-level administrative data on the population of Italian university students from 2006 to … across cohorts, within the same university and the same degree program. The impact of HP students, proxied by their high …, especially for female students in competitive environments, such as the STEM fields, and for low ability students of both genders. …

school or college on subsequent outcomes of students. We review this recent literature, describing the difficult … for ability or achievement and across a range of countries, ages, and types of educational institutions, students that are … into other educational phenomena such as the extent to which students benefit from high ability peers and the presence of a …