We document a steady decline in low-skilled immigration that began with the onset of the Great Recession in 2007, which was associated with labor shortages in low-skilled service occupations and a decline in the skill premium. Falling returns to high-skilled jobs coincided with a decline in the...

This paper estimates the long-run effects of informal childcare, provided by grandparents, and formal childcare, provided by kindergarten, on human capital outcomes in China. Using data on childcare choice in early childhood, I find that both types of childcare lead to higher educational...