The world economy entered the third decade of this century with uncertainties and challenges of COVID-19 pandemic before it had fully recovered from the lingering aftereffects of the financial crisis. The financial crisis ended a period of overall global economic growth and price stability...

The recent financial and economic crisis has triggered bold and diverse policy responses to prevent further, sharper and prolonged adverse effects to the financial and the real sector. The measures for alleviating the cycle were a feature both of the advanced and the emerging and developing...