This study investigates the causal effects of long-term particulate matter 2.5 exposure on COVID-19 deaths, fatality rates, and cases in India by using an instrumental variables approach based on thermal inversion episodes. The estimation results indicate that a 1 percent increase in long-term...

This study investigates the long-term causal effects of U.S. bombing missions during the Vietnam War on later economic development in Laos. Following an instrumental variables approach, we use the distance between the centroid of village-level administrative boundaries and heavily bombed...

This study investigates the causal effects of long-term PM2.5 exposure on COVID-19 cases, deaths, and fatality rates in India by using an instrumental variables approach based on thermal inversion episodes. The estimation results indicate that a 1% increase in long-term exposure to PM2.5 leads...

The 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake and tsunami is estimated as the costliest natural disaster to date, followed by Hurricane Katrina in the United States. By leveraging an instrumental variables approach using the historical tsunami monuments, this study estimates the short to long-run impacts...