According to the EU Evaluation Guidelines, an evaluation is defined as "an evidence-based judgement of the extent to which an intervention has: - Been effective and efficient; - Been relevant given the needs and its objectives; - Been coherent both internally and with other EU policy...

This paper reports the results of a macroeconomic impact assessment of actual structural reform measures in four Member States (Italy, France, Spain and Portugal). For Italy, Spain and Portugal the selection of measures is based on the 2013, 2014 and 2015 National Reform Programmes, while for...

This document presents an ex-post evaluation of the Financial Assistance Programme for the Recapitalisation of Financial Institutions in Spain implemented from July 2012 to January 2014. The purpose of the evaluation is to assess the intervention in terms of relevance, effectiveness, efficiency,...

This document presents an ex post evaluation of the three year EU/IMF financial assistance for Portugal, which ended in May 2014. The three-year Portuguese programme was designed to overcome the economic and financial crisis that led to Portugal requesting financial assistance in April 2011,...

The fifth enlargement of the EU took place on 1 May 2004. Its second anniversary is an occasion to review the experience and draw lessons which could be useful for future enlargement. While the accession of the ten new Member States had an important political and strategic dimension, this study...

The EU corporate sector has been subject to severe shocks in recent years, i.e., the administrative restrictions on activity in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, the supply bottlenecks in its aftermath, and more recently the spike in energy prices in the context of the full-scale invasion of...

This paper surveys tools to analyse the macroeconomic impact of structural reforms, with a focus on two general approaches: (i) econometric estimates, linking indicators of policy change to macroeconomic outcomes, and (ii) structural macroeconomic models simulating the effect of reforms on...

This discussion paper presents the key features of Artificial Intelligence (AI), highlighting the main differences with respect to previous IT and digital technologies. It presents the most relevant facts about AI diffusion across EU countries, and discusses the main economic implications,...

This report models and analyses various aspects of the macroeconomic impact of competition policy interventions by the European Commission over the period 2012-2022. Based on information provided by the Directorate-General for Competition (DG COMP) on its merger interventions, cartel...