The present research aims to compare and improve the measurement and, therefore, the definition of what "middle class" represents, for a group of countries in Latin America, namely Colombia,Mexico, Peru, Brazil and Ecuador, using a methodology based on the expenditure of households, compared to...

This paper presents new evidence on the study of income mobility in Ecuador over the period 2004 - 11. We utilize longitudinal data of individual income tax returns to measure income mobility both at the top and at the middle of the income distribution, and we find three main empirical results....

Annual, before-tax income is the most common official statistic used to measure economic well-being and therefore underlies the design of most anti-poverty programs or other redistributive economic policies. Notwithstanding, extended income measures as well as consumption based measures are...

Auf Grundlage des Panels Arbeitsmarkt und Soziale Sicherung wird in der vorliegenden Studie die Einkommenssituation von Selbstständigen untersucht. Im Blickpunkt stehen dabei nicht nur die sozio-ökonomischen Merkmale der Selbstständigen in der Grundsicherung, sondern auch mögliche Ursachen...

Die vorliegende Untersuchung setzt sich mit der Situation von Selbstständigen in der Grund-sicherung auseinander. Ursächlich für den Bezug von ergänzenden Leistungen der Grundsi-cherung sind in den meisten Fällen deutlich rückläufige Einkommen. Tatsächlich ist die Ein-kommenssituation...

In this paper, we evaluate income distributions in four European countries (Austria, Italy, Spain and Hungary) using two complementary approaches: a standard approach based on reported incomes in survey data, and a microsimulation approach, where taxes and benefits are simulated. These two...

In this chapter, Andrew Heisz, Andrew Jackson and Garnet Picot provide an incisive and comprehensive analysis of the distributional changes that have occurred in Canada in the 1990s as well as useful comparative perspectives both in terms of trends over time and the particular patterns that can...

Respected economists invoke the Pareto criterion to argue that inequality doesn't really matter so long as no one ends up with less in absolute terms. Using income levels to measure the well-being of individual families, these economists argue that since the rich now have much more money than...

In the factors that affect income and poverty outcomes, there are some features unique to India. Caste, ethnicity, religion and even regional origins all influence income outcomes. Therefore while examining individual poverty, the influence of social belongings on the level and the nature of...

Auf Grundlage des Panels Arbeitsmarkt und Soziale Sicherung wird in der vorliegenden Studie die Einkommenssituation von Selbstständigen untersucht. Im Blickpunkt stehen dabei nicht nur die sozio-ökonomischen Merkmale der Selbstständigen in der Grundsicherung, sondern auch mögliche Ursachen...