The daily rebalancing of a leveraged exchange traded fund(LETF) requires the fund manager to systematically modify the amount of index exposure. In order to achieve the investment objective of the fund, managers of LETFs use total return swaps with the appropriate leverage ratio. This daily...

In this paper we developed an econometric model to empirically test the hard-to-borrow model of Avellaneda and Lipkin (2009) where asset prices jump as result of "buy-in" procedures. The model is estimated using an extent version of simulated maximum likelihood (SML) for a selected group of...

It is well-known that leveraged exchange-traded funds (LETFs) don't reproduce the corresponding multiple of index returns over extended (quarterly or annual) investment horizons. In 2008, most leveraged ETFs underperformed the corresponding static strategies. In this paper, we study this...