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We use leximetric data coding techniques and panel data econometrics to test for the economic effects of laws governing worker representation and industrial action in the large middle-income countries of Brazil, China, India, Russia and South Africa. We find that more worker-protective laws on...

The author points out that the Industrial Revolution in the West was followed by a major decline in artisan activities in the colonies and semi-colonies in the East. One of the worst sufferers was the Indian sub-continent under British rule. He discusses "de-industrialisation" of the...