Time-series work on trade policy and growth is handicapped by the difficulty of measuring 'trade policy'. Established definitions of trade orientation such as 'bias' or the 'effective rate of protection' are difficult to operationalise in a time-series context because of enormous data...

The development literature of the post-war period justified governmental intervention in economic development on a number of grounds such as market failure, trade pessimism and further impoverishment of poor countries through trade. In line with the prevalent mainstream thinking, the Indian...