migrating peasants, and, consequently, has a positive effect on narrowing the rural-urban income or consumption gap. Urban labor …

intensity" (RTI) and "offshorability" (OFFS) for use with the Luxembourg Income Study (LIS) Database. To produce these data, we … 38 LIS countries and 160 LIS country-years. To assess the validity of these recodes, we compare average labor-income … OFFS scores and advance the literature on income polarization, we analyze their association with work hours and labor …