Sotarauta M. and Kautonen M. (2007) Co-evolution of the Finnish national and local innovation and science arenas: towards a dynamic understanding of multi-level governance, Regional Studies 41, 1085-1098. In Finland, science policy is in the hands of central government and regions/localities do...

Arts, democracy, and innovation co-evolve. While for the Triple Helix model the existence of a democracy is not necessary for knowledge production and innovation, the Quadruple Helix is here more explicit. The way how the Quadruple Helix is being engineered, designed, and "architected" clearly...