The intensity and directions of knowledge flows between different actors are essential determinants in innovation. Knowledge acquisition is needed to find the relevant signals from markets, and knowledge sharing can facilitate benefits from network externalities and collaboration. A deeper...

The appropriability regime represents a combination of available and effective means of protecting intangibles and innovations, their profitability, and the increased rents due to research and development. It has a central role in appropriating returns on investment, but the nature of...