Many private higher educational institutions (PHEI) are facing poor profitability, increased short term debts with under-resourced cash flow and insufficient funds that could lead to financial distress. To address the issues of ever-changing business environments and to deliver value...

Private higher education institutions (PHEIs) are struggling to invest in the facilities, tools, and staff required to build a complete IR4.0 education ecosystem due to a lack of funding and technological resources. This research investigates the role of intellectual capital elements (Human,...

Background Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) are vital to Malaysia's economy, comprising a significant portion of all businesses. However, the COVID-19 pandemic exposed vulnerabilities in the SMEs' digital readiness to operate remotely. To remain competitive, SMEs must adopt digital...

The open innovation concept is a comparatively new model, and there is an absence of empirical evidence to support a conclusive determination of the factors that affect open innovation, especially in terms of behaviour and costs. Researchers have proposed a variety of methods and techniques for...

Open innovation model is best suited to SMEs as it complements internal R&D in enhancing performances and cost effectiveness through sustaining or gaining competitive advantage. This conceptual framework looks into the aspect of behavioral and cost to determine the adoption level. Aspect of...