The concept of inoperability was originally introduced as a means of quantifying risk in systems comprised of interdependent subsystems, using a modified input–output framework. This paper describes a novel robust optimization model for energy planning with inoperability constraints. The...

Multi-functional energy systems such as biorefineries and polygeneration plants are able to efficiently produce product portfolios by taking advantage of inherent opportunities for optimal integration among process units. Thus, such systems provide valuable solutions towards efficient,...