As the pandemic urged further investigations on the prediction of firms’ financial distress, this study develops and tests an alternative measure to the alert system elaborated by the NCCAAE which combines the benefits of the Z-score’s multivariate discriminant model with the background...

Using a European sample of 211 listed firms from 2013 to 2022, we analyze the mitigation effect on firms’ probability of default (PD) provided by the effect of ESG performance combined with firms’ industry or membership in stock indexes. The study implements a novel approach, monitoring both...