In 2006, the United Nations Global Compact launched Principles for Responsible Investment (PRI), and the Japanese Ministry of Environment advocated financial mechanisms for environmental protection. We find that institutional ownership in 2005 is positively related to the probability of...

This study explores whether and how controlling and institutional shareholdings shape payout policies. Both shareholdings are significantly associated with payouts consisting of repurchases and dividends. However, the two shareholder groups appear to have divergent preferences on payouts, as...