We use a novel dataset to examine the impact of exposing institutional orders to electronic liquidity providers (ELPs). We present empirical evidence that marketable pieces of large parent orders are routed to ELPs, seemingly to avoid paying liquidity fees on exchanges. This routing decision...

We identify retail brokers that seemingly route orders to maximize order flow payments: selling market orders and sending limit orders to venues paying large liquidity rebates. Angel, Harris, and Spatt (2011) argue that this type of routing may not always be in customers' best interests. For...

Before changes to Regulation ATS in 2018, brokers were not required to disclose information regarding the operations of their private trading venues known as dark pools. As a result, most institutional investors relied on broker representations when deciding whether or not to send orders to...