Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to analyze possible causal relationships between exports, inward foreign investment and economic growth in Portugal and identify their direction. Design/methodology/approach – The paper uses a three‐stage procedure based on unit root, cointegration...

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to analyze possible causal relationships between exports, inward foreign investment and economic growth in Portugal and identify their direction. Design/methodology/approach – The paper uses a three-stage procedure based on unit root, cointegration and...

In this paper we derive, under the assumption of Gaussian errors with known errorcovariance matrix, asymptotic local power bounds for seasonal unit root tests for bothknown and unknown deterministic scenarios and for an arbitrary seasonal aspect. Wedemonstrate that the optimal test of a unit...