Universities’ centrality within the public research systems has been increasing over time, as it has their interactions with industry. Such interaction poses two dilemmas. One concerns individual scientists and the potential trade-off between basic research activities and those activities...

Czech Republic and other European countries reward inventive employees by specific reward regulated usually by patent law. There is a controversy how much such a reward should be. The authors used grounded theory approach to discover the purpose of remunerating employee inventions today. Based...

Standard innovation theory assumes that intellectual property protection is a prerequisite to the development of technological advances. A strong intellectual property system, composed of both laws that establish intellectual property protection and a judicial or other adjudicative system to...

In this paper we investigate the effects of technological and geographical proximity on the knowledge flows in three economic areas: USA, Japan and Europe. In each economic area, we exploit information from two international patent offices data, the United States Patent and Trademarks Office...

Patent protection was introduced for plant biotechnology in the United States in 1985, and it affected crops differentially depending on their reproductive structures. Exploiting this unique feature of plant physiology and a new dataset of crop-specific technology development, I find that the...

China has surpassed the United States in patent applications and has become world leader. Strong patenting activity, however, did not lead to strong productivity growth. The delinking of patenting activity from productivity growth could be explained by quality and relevance issues. Although the...

What form of intellectual property rights (IPR) policy contributes to economic growth? Should technological followers be able to license the products of technological leaders? Should a company with a large technological lead receive the same IPR protection as a company with a more limited lead?...

This paper studies the intellectual property protection in a global setting where the protection is based on the patentability requirement. When two countries with similar research efficiencies open trade with each other, the world patentability requirement will rise above the autarky levels of...