This paper assesses the antitrust fines and private penalties imposed on the participants of 260 international cartels discovered during 1990-2005, using four indicators of enforcement effectiveness. First, the United States is almost always the first to investigate and sanction international...

This article examines the nature of the effect of the U.S. Supreme Court's Empagran decision through the lens of the global vitamins cartel, using legal and economic analysis and also empirical data to describe the effect. The article commences with a discussion of the analytic approach adopted...

• The purpose of the following charts is to illustrate the size and economic impacts of the modern international cartel movement and the enforcement responses of the world’s antitrust authorities and national courts. These illustrations may serve heuristic purposes or show empirical...

International cartelists face investigations and possible fines in a score of national and supranational jurisidictions, but the three with the most consistent legal responses to global cartels are the United States, Canada, and the European Union. This paper examines the antitrust fines and...