The tariff-rate quota (TRQ) system is a hybrid import regime that conveys both tariff- and quota-like characteristics. Established by the tariffication process during the Uruguay Round, TRQs harmonize the needs for improved market access and protection from import surges. This paper aims to...

This paper estimates food miles effects for Korea. The data set is constructed using 4-digit Harmonized System codes for 169 products and each product’s trade flows with a total of 71 trading partners. The food miles level is estimated as 258 billion ton-km in 2010, which is equivalent to...

The purpose of this paper is to simulate the proposed modality in market access and estimate its potential impacts on Korea's tariff profile. By accommodating a tiered formula for tariff reduction, the modality attempts to harmonize tariffs across products and countries. When no flexibility in...