Given the erosion in the public's trust in market mechanisms and globalization as a means for delivering inclusive prosperity for all, the creation of effective markets is a priority for policymakers. This paper looks at the creation of open application programming interface (API) standards in...

Advocating for competition in financial markets can be more challenging than in other markets since other policy goals can take precedence over efficiency considerations. Competition authorities therefore have to cooperate effectively with financial regulators and powerful central banks if they...

This paper discusses the concept of potential competition as an important pro-competitive factor. While potential competition is inevitably subject to significant uncertainty, where it does exist, the paper suggests treating potential competition with a parity of esteem with respect to actual...