Recent works in trade theory and related empirical studies have drawn a revised picture of trade patterns: international specialisation has been proved to take place within products, across varieties, rather than across products or across industries. Systematising this repeated empirical...

North-South competition in quality: Analyzing a new database that makes it possible to disaggregate trade flows across many countries according to unit values, we show that international specialization in terms of quality within industries and product categories plays an important role in the...

We investigate trade integration between members of the EU, NAFTA and Mercosur. The paper evaluates the ease of access to each of those markets from each other based on a benchmark consisting of trade within countries. This methodology, often labelled border effects, furnishes a new tool for the...