This paper surveys the state of knowledge about the trade-related environmental consequences of a country's development strategy along three channels: (i) direct trade-environment linkages (overexploitation of natural resources and trade-related transport costs); (ii) 'virtual trade' in...

This article considers the countries' responses to the commodity and oil price shocks of the 1970s in the light of their inability to use the nominal exchange rate as a tool of macroeconomic adjustment. Using a two-sector model, it shows that there exist instruments that permit the real exchange...