International migration management lacks a formal global institution, but in its place a multi-level system of norms is taking shape. This article finds that level of skill has become a more important selection criterion than nationality in post-9/11 immigration law reforms in Europe. The result...

The study of bilateral migration agreements (BMAs) regularly pivots around the quest for a prototype agreement after which to model migration flows sustainably. Within Europe, France is predestined for such a field study, due to its unique legacy allowing to periodize the current BMA within...