and spillovers for which patent protection assures appropriability thus providing incentives for innovation. Indeed … available to competing firms due to the strong publication bias against negative results of clinical trials (Zarin and Tse 2008 …

eligible scientists’ choice of publication outlet. We find that even in the short period following the conclusion of these DEAL … agreements, publication patterns in the field of chemistry have changed, as eligible researchers have increased their … publications in Wiley and Springer Nature journals at the cost of other journals. From that two related competition concerns emerge …