A toxic-free world is one of the goals of the European Green Deal and a key objective of the World Health Organization Inter-Organization Programme for the Sound Management of Chemicals. However, although use of some toxic chemicals is being banned, others continue to be developed. We consider...

This paper investigates the effect of patenting on follow-on knowledge in cancer research. Using a difference-in-difference approach on an original dataset of patent-paper-pairs we are able to estimate the causal effect of the granting of a patent on scientic development in the same domain....

The invention of dark innovations, which we define as technologies that possess intrinsic features that can cause significant harm to humans and their ecosystems, is expected to shift from high income democratic countries to lower income authoritarian countries which are then blamed for being...

A cross-country comparison of inventive output between Finnish and Flemish university researchers is presented. The total inventive output of researchers from both systems, the distribution of inventive activity at various levels, ownership of academic inventions, assignation of patents to...