This paper compares the impacts of traditional one-way access obligations and the new regulatory scheme of co-investment … reduces the returns from investment, and second because in the presence of uncertainty it provides access seekers with an … option whose exercise hurts investors. Co-investment without access obligations leads to risk sharing and eliminates the …

This paper compares the impacts of traditional one‒way access obligations and the new regulatory scheme of co-investment … reduces the returns from investment, and second because in the presence of uncertainty it provides access seekers with an … option whose exercise hurts investors. Co-investment without access obligations leads to risk sharing and eliminates the …

investment decisions, on network users' decision to join the network, and on welfare. We take a monopoly platform that serves a ….e. Net Neutrality regulation, will be more network users, more investment, and welfare is higher. If profit …-maximizing platform cannot charge buyers there will be more investment than without the regulation. If on top of not charging buyers …

increases consumer surplus and total welfare if network effects are strong enough. Capacity investment increases (decreases …

This paper addresses the issue of how regulatory constraints affect firm s investment choices when the firm has an … option to delay investment. The RPI-x rule is compared to a profit sharing rule, which increases the x factor in case profits … go beyond a given level. It is shown that a pure price cap and profit sharing are identical in their impact on investment …