Research has shown the importance of corporate disclosure and dissemination in reducing information asymmetry and improving market efficiency. However, while investors and analysts might receive corporate disclosures, they often need help with assimilating the information to better understand...

A dedicated investor relations (IR) function facilitates direct and ongoing dialogue between management and shareholders. This paper examines whether this form of engagement mitigates activism that relies upon support from other shareholders. We find that IR engagement is associated with...

We use corporate jet flight patterns to identify private meetings with investors that are ex ante unobservable to non-participants. Using approximately 400,000 flights, we proxy for private meetings with "roadshows," defined as three-day windows that include flights to money centers and to...