This study is an empirical attempt to find out whether under sanctions Iran's trade direction has shifted away from Europe (trade policy of de-Europeanization) towards Asia (trade policy of Asianization). The analysis is conducted using a panel-gravity trade model to analyze bilateral trade...

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to find out whether under sanctions, Iran’s trade direction has shifted from Europe (trade policy of de-Europeanization) toward Asia (trade policy of Asianization). Design/methodology/approach The paper conducts three panel data estimations (FE, RE, and...

Exploring the short-run and long-run relationships between consumption of various sources of non-renewable energy, economic growth and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions would be considered as a golden key to provide rational energy policies of Iran in the post sanctions era. The aim of this paper...