Purpose This paper evaluates the content of Iranian primary school textbooks – as the fundamental educational tool in transmitting of key components – to highlight to what extent the content pursues the philosophy of heritage education. Heritage preservation, known to be fostering of the...

In 2007, Qazvin City in Iran embarked on a program of implementing a city development strategy (CDS) to cope with new urban challenges. Numerous cities in several developing countries have implemented CDSs. However, in several cases, a mismatch was found between the formulated strategies and CDS...

Purpose – There is growing concern about the performance of public organizations (POs) in developing countries. Despite the fact that the advantages of innovation and learning orientation to organizations have been evidently documented in Western economies and private owned enterprises, there...