Since World War II the Japanese economy has been spectacularly successful. The sources of this success have been the subject of considerable debate. The Government's use of taxation policy in assisting favoured industries has been identified. Whilst there are mixed views as to the significance...

The Paris Agreement reinvigorated the use of carbon markets as a means to confront climate change. Both domestic and multi-jurisdictional mechanisms directed at carbon credit creation and trading were endorsed. In particular, a new measure was proposed to replace the Kyoto Protocol's Clean...

The Australian and Japanese Governments have both introduced a tax consolidation regime effective fiscal year 2002/03. The two regimes have many similarities. In particular, they both mandate 100 per cent ownership as the threshold for consolidation, consolidation is voluntary but if elected all...

The Japanese income tax system was redesigned following World War II. As such it has features of the systems of both Europe and the United States, although in many respects it is quite unique. Whilst it arguably contributed to Japan's meteoric rise to the status of an economic superpower, little...

The Australian and Japanese Governments have both introduced a tax consolidation regime effective fiscal year 2002/03. The two regimes have many similarities. In particular, they both mandate 100 per cent ownership as the threshold for consolidation, consolidation is voluntary but if elected all...

With Japan's withdrawal from the Kyoto Protocol it looked to contributing to reductions in global emissions through bilateral agreements with other countries. The mechanism used is termed the Bilateral Credit Mechanism. It borrows from the Kyoto Clean Development Mechanism but with some...

The Australian and Japanese Governments have both come to appreciate that corporate reorganisations are necessary for an efficient economy and are therefore to be encouraged. Thus, tax relief has been provided in both countries; though only very recently in Japan. Intra-group transactions under...

In 2010 the Japanese Government made substantial commitments to the reduction in greenhouse gas emissions. In particular it proposed a 25% reduction on 1990 levels by 2020 and an 80% reduction by 2050. At the forefront of this policy was to be an additional (carbon) tax on fossil fuels,...

As part of its response to climate change the 1997 Kyoto Protocol envisages a global scheme with national emissions trading schemes (“ETS”) linked to form an international market for carbon. In 2010 the Tokyo Metropolitan Government (“TMG”) established an ETS. This regime has some unique...