The national treatment obligation, along with the most favored nation obligation, is an important principle of non-discrimination adopted by the World Trade Organization. It requires that foreign products be treated no less favorably than national products. This paper empirically examines the...

This paper empirically examines the role of imports in the assessment of domesticmergers. It constructs and estimates a structural model of demand and supply todescribe Japan’s copper tube, taking an explicit account of cross-border transactions.Obtained simulation results show that the merger...

Markup, or the ratio of price to cost, depends on the firm's attributes and the market environment where the firm operates. This paper empirically studies the relationship between the markups of firms and their firm-to-firm transactional status. More specifically, we analyze the correlation...

The primary goal of policies to promote renewable energy is to correct for the unpriced pollution externalities from burning fossil fuels. It is, however, difficult to assess whether and to what extent these policies enhance industry growth and economic welfare, especially when no comparable...

This study examines the economic consequences of a horizontal merger between Japanese airlines that took place in 2002, with particular emphasis on quality responses to the airline merger. A structural model allows firms to determine not only prices but also flight frequencies. The obtained...

The paper examines the Japanese steel industry to evaluate the role of export subsidy policies. Export subsidies can be instrumental in increasing an industry's cost competitiveness in the presence of learning by doing, a characteristic of production in the steel industry. Using a dynamic...