As organizational structures have become more flat, firms are increasing the use of peer reviews as a performance monitoring tool. Research suggests that the effectiveness of performance feedback, particularly negative feedback, depends on the feedback source and the recipient’s sense of...

Managers often encourage employee effort by incentivizing employees to achieve performance targets. For some work tasks, such as those that involve quality standards or creativity, greater effort does not, or is not perceived as, resulting in increased employee performance outcomes. This paper...