Actually determining the intrinsic value of liquidity is one of the unsolved problems in finance. Firms hold liquidity for a variety of different reasons. Generally, liquidity balances held in a firm can be called considered, precautionary, speculative, transactional and intentional. The first...

The Financial Liquidity Investment Efficiency Model (FLIEM) was presented and discussed by Michalski (Value-based working capital management: determining liquid asset levels in entrepreneurial environments. Palgrave Macmillan, 2014). Here the Cash Levels in Full Operating Cycle (CLFOC) is...