This paper constructs a signal-based composite index, namely ESCORE, which captures the context of earnings management. Specifically, ESCORE aggregates 15 individual signals related to earnings management based on prior relevant literature. Empirical results using UK data shows that when ESCORE...

This study examines the behavior of sovereign bonds to COVID-19 related news in 24 countries most affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. The study applies a continuous Hidden Markov Model (HMM) to analyze the regime shifting behavior of sovereign bonds to the news. The results show that the COVID-19...

This paper constructs a signal-based composite index, namely ESCORE, which captures the context of earnings management. Specifically, ESCORE aggregates 15 individual signals related to both accrual and real earnings management based on prior relevant literature. After establishing that ESCORE is...