Investors have traditionally relied on mean-variance analysis to determine a portfolio’s optimal asset mix, but they have struggled to incorporate private equity into this framework because they do not know how to estimate its risk. The observed volatility of private equity returns is...

Investors rely on the stock-bond correlation for a variety of tasks, such as forming optimal portfolios, designing hedging strategies, and assessing risk. Most investors estimate the stock-bond correlation simply by extrapolating the historical correlation of monthly returns and assume that this...

Traditional equity factors such as the leveraged equity risk premium, the small-cap premium, and the value premium have had high historical returns on average, as has the buyout fund industry in aggregate. Previous research has argued that these factors explain the excess performance of private...