In this chapter, we consider the nonparametric estimation of the average treatment effect (ATE) based on direct estimation of the conditional treatment effect. We establish the asymptotic distribution of the proposed ATE estimator. We also consider consistent testing for a parametric functional...

In this paper we examine dynamic relationships among wheat prices from five countries for the years 1981-1999. Error correction models and directed acyclic graphs are employed with observational data to sort-out the dynamic causal relationships among prices from major wheat producing regions:...