Structural Causal Models define causal effects in terms of a single Data Generating Process (DGP), and the Rubin Causal Model defines causal effects in terms of a model that can represent counterfactuals from many DGPs. Under these different definitions, notationally similar causal effects make...

The literature contrasting structural and experimental econometrics highlights that stronger assumptions are required to identify direct effects than total effects. This paper examines the additional assumptions required to predict future experience using either type of causal effect identified...