This paper aims to understand the gas-pricing mechanism in the major markets and hence draw implications for gas-pricing reform in Asia. It adopts the bootstrap sub-sample rolling-window Granger test to investigate the causality between crude oil and natural gas prices. Unlike the estimations...

This paper is the first to rigorously test commonly cited simplistic theories of cryptocurrency pricing, namely, cost-based model and Metcalfe's law, using causal inferences from the instrumental variables approach on block-level data for six proof-of-work coins. Positive effects of hashrate and...

The paper is an empirical investigation of the causal nexus between geopolitical risk and crude oil trade in the USA for the period from February 1985 to June 2018. It is innovative both in that it uses the Caldara and Iacovello (2018) geopolitical risk as well as for the time varying causality...