We examined 79 Japanese MNCs' R&D subsidiaries in the US from the knowledge-based view. We find: (1) subsidiaries' R&D strategies generally encourage knowledge flows; (2) subsidiaries' R&D alliances promote knowledge flows; (3) R&D subsidiaries with process-oriented incentives promote vertical...

The creation of University Spin-Off companies (USOs) is one of the most visible form of commercialization of university research. To date, there is scant and mixed evidence about USOs and their performance, thus producing a debate about their impact on the economy and society and about the...

There is little evidence on the incentives for faculty members to get involved in patenting processes, on the obstacles, and on their perceptions of actions to be taken to successfully support the commercialization of academic knowledge through patents. In this paper we present such an...

This paper assesses the role of relationship lending in explaining simultaneously the innovation activity of Small and Medium Enterprises (SME), their probability to export (i.e. the extensive margin) and their share of exports on total sales conditional on exporting (i.e. the intensive margin)....

The impact of internal intellectual property right(IPR) regulations on the patenting activities of Italian universities isinvestigated. These regulations are an organizational response to a major setof reforms designed to increase universities' autonomy from the centralgovernment. After a...